{"id":184,"date":"2013-04-02T18:29:18","date_gmt":"2013-04-02T17:29:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/?p=184"},"modified":"2014-02-11T11:10:04","modified_gmt":"2014-02-11T10:10:04","slug":"diversite-et-unite-des-etres-humains","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/?p=184","title":{"rendered":"Diversit\u00e9 et unit\u00e9 des \u00eatres humains"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/publicitc3a9-benetton-1990.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-390\" alt=\"publicitc3a9-benetton-1990\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/publicitc3a9-benetton-1990.jpg\" width=\"500\" height=\"341\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/publicitc3a9-benetton-1990.jpg 500w, https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/publicitc3a9-benetton-1990-300x204.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><span><strong><span style=\"line-height: 13px;\"><br \/>\n<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Il est facile de dire que ces trois individus appartiennent \u00e0 la m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce, comme il est facile de les\u00a0reconna\u00eetre\u00a0entre eux.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Qu&rsquo;est-ce qui fait que nous appartenons tous \u00e0 un m\u00eame groupe, tout en \u00e9tant des individus uniques ?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Comment expliquer que nous sommes ce que nous sommes ?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #993366;\"><strong>PARTIE I : UNICIT\u00c9 ET DIVERSIT\u00c9 DES \u00caTRES HUMAINS<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #ff0000;\"><strong>CHAPITRE i : TOUS PAREILS, TOUS DIFF\u00c9RENTS, TOUS \u00c9GAUX<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<div id=\"TheTexte\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><i><br \/>\n<\/i><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">I \/ LES CARACT\u00c8RES DES\u00a0\u00caTRES\u00a0HUMAINS<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 13px; color: #0000ff;\">R\u00e9pertorier, sous forme de tableau, les points communs et les diff\u00e9rences que vous avez avec votre voisin(e) .\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><b>Caract\u00e8re sp\u00e9cifique\u00a0: <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">se dit d&rsquo;un caract\u00e8re commun \u00e0 tous les individus de la m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce (ex : nez, yeux, bras&#8230;). <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><b>Caract\u00e8re \u00e0 Variation individuelle<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">\u00a0:\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> se dit\u00a0d&rsquo;un caract\u00e8re\u00a0propre \u00e0 chaque individu (qui ne se retrouve pas chez chaque individu d&rsquo;une m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Bilan\u00a0:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> Chaque individu pr\u00e9sente les caract\u00e8res de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce avec des variations qui lui sont propres.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00b050;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Probl\u00e8me :<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #00b050;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"> D\u2019o\u00f9 viennent ces diff\u00e9rents caract\u00e8res\u00a0?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #ff0000;\"><strong>II \/ L&rsquo;ORIGINE DES CARACTERES INDIVIDUELS<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Quelle est l&rsquo;origine des caract\u00e8res propres \u00e0 chaque individu ?<\/span><\/p>\n<p>A partir des documents qui vous sont propos\u00e9s, veuillez r\u00e9pondre aux consignes suivantes :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 13px;\">relevez un caract\u00e8re h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaire pr\u00e9sent \u00e0 l&rsquo;int\u00e9rieur de cette famille et justifiez ce qualificatif.<\/span><\/li>\n<li>expliquez l&rsquo;\u00e9volution possible d&rsquo;un caract\u00e8re face \u00e0 une variation de l&rsquo;environnement.<\/li>\n<li>d\u00e9terminez si ces variations sont h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaires; justifiez votre r\u00e9ponse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Bilan :\u00a0Les caract\u00e8res qui se retrouvent dans les\u00a0g\u00e9n\u00e9rations successives sont des caract\u00e8res\u00a0h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaires.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00a0Les facteurs environnementaux peuvent\u00a0modifier certains caract\u00e8res. Ces modifications\u00a0ne sont pas h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaires.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; text-decoration: underline;\">III \/ l&rsquo;origine des caract\u00e8res h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaires<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Comparaison de la cellule \u0153uf, \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine d&rsquo;un individu, et de l&rsquo;individu lui m\u00eame<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<table width=\"100%\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"4\">\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"128\" \/>\n<col width=\"128\" \/> <\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td width=\"50%\">\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/cellule-oeuf1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-510\" alt=\"cellule oeuf\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/cellule-oeuf1.jpg\" width=\"761\" height=\"512\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/cellule-oeuf1.jpg 761w, https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/cellule-oeuf1-300x201.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 761px) 100vw, 761px\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<td width=\"50%\">\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/individu-femele-adulte1.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-511\" alt=\"individu femele adulte\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/individu-femele-adulte1.jpg\" width=\"400\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/individu-femele-adulte1.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/individu-femele-adulte1-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">La cellule \u0153uf ne pr\u00e9sente pas les caract\u00e8res sp\u00e9cifiques d&rsquo;un individu ; cependant \u00e9tant \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine de ce dernier, elle poss\u00e8de donc les informations qui donneront les futurs caract\u00e8res. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #00b050;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">O\u00f9 sont situ\u00e9es les informations dans la cellule?\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><b>1 \/ Localisation des informations.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/transfert-noyau.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-530\" alt=\"transfert-noyau\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/transfert-noyau-1024x616.jpg\" width=\"550\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/transfert-noyau-1024x616.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/transfert-noyau-300x180.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/transfert-noyau.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #ff0000;\">exp\u00e9rience de transfert de noyau dans une cellule \u0153uf de lapin<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Comic Sans MS', serif;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><b>2 \/ Observation d\u2019un noyau.<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/chromosome-de-chironome.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-580 alignnone\" alt=\"chromosome de chironome\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/chromosome-de-chironome.jpg\" width=\"310\" height=\"163\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/chromosome-de-chironome.jpg 310w, https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/chromosome-de-chironome-300x157.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 310px) 100vw, 310px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/chromosome-cellule-oignon.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-579 alignnone\" alt=\"chromosome cellule oignon\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/chromosome-cellule-oignon.jpg\" width=\"248\" height=\"203\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #ff0000;\">observation de cellule d&rsquo;oignon au microscope optique<\/span><\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;observation de noyau de cellules de diff\u00e9rents \u00eatres vivants montre \u00e0 certain moment la pr\u00e9sence de filaments appel\u00e9s \u00a0\u00bb chromosomes\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000; text-decoration: underline;\">IV \/ Les chromosomes de l&rsquo;esp\u00e8ce humaine<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/nb-chromosome-chez-diff-espece.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-586\" alt=\"nb chromosome chez diff espece\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/nb-chromosome-chez-diff-espece.jpg\" width=\"286\" height=\"176\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Les chromosomes ont-ils un r\u00f4le dans le support de l&rsquo;information que poss\u00e8de une individu ?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #ff0000;\">1\/ notion de caryotype<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">En observant les chromosomes d&rsquo;une cellule humaine , on peut remarquer que certains paraissent semblables et d&rsquo;autres sont de taille diff\u00e9rente.<\/span>Il est donc possible d&rsquo;ordonner les chromosomes observables comme dans la repr\u00e9sentation suivante.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/obs-noyau-\u00e0-caryotype.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-582\" alt=\"obs noyau \u00e0 caryotype\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/obs-noyau-\u00e0-caryotype-1024x527.png\" width=\"550\" height=\"283\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/obs-noyau-\u00e0-caryotype-1024x527.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/obs-noyau-\u00e0-caryotype-300x154.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; text-decoration: underline;\">construction d&rsquo;un caryotype ordonn\u00e9 \u00e0 partir de l&rsquo;observation des chromosomes d&rsquo;une cellule<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/caryotype-homme-femme.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-577\" alt=\"caryotype homme femme\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/caryotype-homme-femme-1024x603.jpg\" width=\"550\" height=\"323\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/caryotype-homme-femme-1024x603.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/caryotype-homme-femme-300x176.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">bilan :\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">Chaque cellule d\u2019un individu de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">humaine poss\u00e8de 23 paires de chromosomes,<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">l\u2019une d\u2019elles pr\u00e9sente des caract\u00e9ristiques\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">diff\u00e9rentes selon le sexe.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">2\/ \u00e9tude du\u00a0syndrome\u00a0de down<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>D\u00e8s son tr\u00e8s jeune \u00e2ge, un enfant atteint de syndrome de <strong>down <\/strong>pr\u00e9sente des traits physiques caract\u00e9ristiques\u00a0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Un profil \u00ab\u00a0aplati\u00a0\u00bb.<\/li>\n<li>Des yeux brid\u00e9s.<\/li>\n<li>Un \u00e9picanthus (= des plis cutan\u00e9s au-dessus de la paupi\u00e8re sup\u00e9rieure).<\/li>\n<li>Un pont nasal plat.<\/li>\n<li>la langue est anormalement avanc\u00e9e vers l\u2019avant.<\/li>\n<li>Une petite t\u00eate et de petites oreilles.<\/li>\n<li>Un cou court.<\/li>\n<li>Un pli unique dans les paumes de la main, appel\u00e9 pli palmaire transverse unique.<\/li>\n<li>Une petitesse des membres et du tronc.<\/li>\n<li>Une hypotonie musculaire (= tous les muscles sont mous) et des articulations anormalement souples (= hyperlaxit\u00e9).<\/li>\n<li>Une croissance lente et une taille g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle des enfants du m\u00eame \u00e2ge.<\/li>\n<li>Chez les b\u00e9b\u00e9s, un retard des apprentissages tels que se retourner, s&rsquo;asseoir et ramper en raison d\u2019un tonus musculaire faible. Ces apprentissages se font g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement au double de l\u2019\u00e2ge des enfants sans trisomie.<\/li>\n<li>Un retard mental l\u00e9ger \u00e0 mod\u00e9r\u00e9.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Complications<\/h3>\n<p>Les enfants atteintssyndrome de down souffrent parfois de certaines complications particuli\u00e8res:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Des malformations cardiaques<\/strong>. Selon la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 canadienne du syndrome de Down (SCSD), plus de 40 % des enfants atteints du syndrome ont une malformation cardiaque cong\u00e9nitale pr\u00e9sente d\u00e8s la naissance.<\/li>\n<li>Une\u00a0<strong>occlusion<\/strong>\u00a0(ou blocage)<strong>\u00a0intestinale<\/strong>\u00a0exigeant une chirurgie. Elle concerne environ 10% des nouveau-n\u00e9s atteints.<\/li>\n<li>Une\u00a0<strong>perte d\u2019audition<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Une\u00a0<strong>susceptibilit\u00e9 aux infections<\/strong>\u00a0en raison d\u2019une diminution de l\u2019immunit\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>Un\u00a0<strong>retard de langage<\/strong>, parfois aggrav\u00e9 par la perte de l&rsquo;audition.<\/li>\n<li>Des\u00a0<strong>troubles des yeux et de la vue<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Chez les hommes atteints, une\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.passeportsante.net\/fr\/Maux\/Problemes\/Fiche.aspx?doc=infertilite\">st\u00e9rilit\u00e9<\/a>. La<a href=\"http:\/\/www.passeportsante.net\/fr\/Maux\/Problemes\/Fiche.aspx?doc=symptomes-grossesse-pm-la-sante-durant-la-grossesse\">\u00a0grossesse<\/a>\u00a0est cependant possible chez la plupart des femmes.<\/li>\n<li>Les adultes atteints sont \u00e9galement plus sujets \u00e0 la forme pr\u00e9coce de la\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.passeportsante.net\/fr\/Maux\/Problemes\/Fiche.aspx?doc=alzheimer_pm\">maladie d&rsquo;Alzheimer<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/caryotype-trisomie21.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" alt=\"caryotype trisomie21\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/caryotype-trisomie21.jpg\" width=\"867\" height=\"845\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; text-decoration: underline;\">caryotype d&rsquo;une personne atteinte par le syndrome de down<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">bilan :Un nombre anormal de chromosomes emp\u00eache\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">le d\u00e9veloppement de l&#8217;embryon ou entra\u00eene des\u00a0<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;\">caract\u00e8res diff\u00e9rents chez l&rsquo;individu concern\u00e9.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>conclusion bilan :Les chromosomes pr\u00e9sents dans le noyau sont\u00a0le support de l\u2019information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique.<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000; text-decoration: underline;\">V\/ Organisation de l&rsquo;information sur le chromosome.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>rappel de la structure d&rsquo;un chromosome<\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/chromosome-zoom-2.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-583 alignright\" alt=\"chromosome zoom 2\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/chromosome-zoom-2.jpg\" width=\"292\" height=\"172\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Bilan :Chaque chromosome est constitu\u00e9 d\u2019ADN.<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> L\u2019ADN est une mol\u00e9cule qui peut se pelotonner<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> lors de la division cellulaire, ce qui rend<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> visibles les chromosomes.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: right;\"><\/h2>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">1\/L&rsquo;unit\u00e9 d&rsquo;information : le g\u00e8ne<a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/cartographie-chromosome.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-692\" alt=\"cartographie chromosome\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/cartographie-chromosome.jpg\" width=\"167\" height=\"301\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/cartographie-chromosome.jpg 167w, https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/cartographie-chromosome-166x300.jpg 166w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 167px) 100vw, 167px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<h2><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong><span style=\"text-align: right; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;\">exemple de la mucoviscidose:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/d\u00e9finition-mucoviscidose.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-694\" alt=\"d\u00e9finition mucoviscidose\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/d\u00e9finition-mucoviscidose.jpg\" width=\"318\" height=\"159\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/d\u00e9finition-mucoviscidose.jpg 318w, https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/d\u00e9finition-mucoviscidose-300x150.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 13px;\">C\u2019est une maladie g\u00e9n\u00e9tique, toujours transmise conjointement par le p\u00e8re et la m\u00e8re. La mucoviscidose est une maladie qui touche les voies respiratoires et le syst\u00e8me digestif. Elle n\u2019est pas contagieuse.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"line-height: 13px;\">Ce mot est compos\u00e9 de : MUCUS + VISCOSIT\u00c9 = MUCOVISCIDOSE.<br \/>\nLe corps de chacun d\u2019entre nous produit du mucus. Cette substance fluide tapisse et humidifie les canaux de certains organes de notre corps. Dans le cas de la mucoviscidose, le mucus est \u00e9pais et collant. Ce manque de fluidit\u00e9 va provoquer des difficult\u00e9s au niveau des voies respiratoires et digestives. Ainsi les bronches peuvent-elles s\u2019encombrer et s\u2019infecter provoquant toux et expectorations. Les voies et canaux digestifs (intestins, pancr\u00e9as, foie) peuvent \u00e9galement \u00eatre obstru\u00e9s, provoquant des probl\u00e8mes de digestion.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/chr-7-mucoviscidose.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-693\" alt=\"chr 7 mucoviscidose\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/chr-7-mucoviscidose.jpg\" width=\"289\" height=\"174\" \/><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">EXEMPLE DE LA MYOPATHIE DE DUCHENNE:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/doc-myopathie-de-duchenne.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-696 aligncenter\" alt=\"doc myopathie de duchenne\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/doc-myopathie-de-duchenne.jpg\" width=\"705\" height=\"678\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/doc-myopathie-de-duchenne.jpg 705w, https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/doc-myopathie-de-duchenne-300x288.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 705px) 100vw, 705px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Bilan : Chaque chromosome contient de nombreux\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">g\u00e8nes.<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Chaque g\u00e8ne est porteur d\u2019une\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique. Les g\u00e8nes d\u00e9terminent:\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">les caract\u00e8res h\u00e9r\u00e9ditaires.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>G\u00e8ne<\/strong> : <span style=\"color: #000000;\">portion de chromosome codant pour les information d&rsquo;un caract\u00e8re.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #808000;\">Comment ce fait-il que pour un g\u00e8ne donn\u00e9, l&rsquo;expression peut \u00eatre diff\u00e9rentes chez les individus?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">2\/ expressions diff\u00e9rentes d&rsquo;un g\u00e8ne.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ETUDE DU G\u00c8NE CODANT POUR LE GROUPE SANGUIN.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/groupe-sanguin-allele.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-695\" alt=\"groupe sanguin  allele\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/groupe-sanguin-allele-1024x466.jpg\" width=\"550\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/groupe-sanguin-allele-1024x466.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/groupe-sanguin-allele-300x136.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Bilan : Un g\u00e8ne peut exister sous des versions<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> diff\u00e9rentes appel\u00e9es \u00ab\u00a0all\u00e8les\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">All\u00e8le<\/span><\/strong> : version possible d&rsquo;un g\u00e8ne.(<strong>exemple,<\/strong>\u00a0pour le g\u00e8ne \u00ab\u00a0couleur des yeux\u00a0\u00bb il existe trois all\u00e8les possibles : bleu-marron-vert)<\/p>\n<h2><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">\u00a0VI \/ transmission de l&rsquo;information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique.<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">1\/ transmission de la cellule \u0153uf \u00e0 l&rsquo;ensemble des cellules d&rsquo;un organisme.<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/6COxMt9gMdQ\" height=\"315\" width=\"420\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/quantite-adn-mitose.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-660\" alt=\"quantite adn mitose\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/quantite-adn-mitose.png\" width=\"320\" height=\"202\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/quantite-adn-mitose.png 320w, https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/11\/quantite-adn-mitose-300x189.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 320px) 100vw, 320px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">sch\u00e9ma bilan:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">bilan :La division d\u2019une cellule :<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> &#8211; est pr\u00e9par\u00e9e par la copie de chacun de ses\u00a046 chromosomes ;<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> &#8211; se caract\u00e9rise par la s\u00e9paration des\u00a0chromosomes obtenus, chacune des deux<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> cellules form\u00e9es recevant 23 paires de\u00a0chromosomes identiques \u00e0 ceux de la cellule<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> initiale.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h3><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">2\/ transmission de l&rsquo;information entre g\u00e9n\u00e9ration.<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong><span><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Comment expliquer que la fusion de deux cellules humaines (spermatozo\u00efde et ovule) donne une cellule (cellule\u00a0\u0153uf) poss\u00e9dant 46 chromosomes ?<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/caryotype-cellules-reproductrices.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-701\" alt=\"caryotype cellules reproductrices\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/caryotype-cellules-reproductrices.jpg\" width=\"223\" height=\"226\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #ff0000; text-decoration: underline;\">photographie des cellules reproductrices humaines et de leur caryotype<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Bilan : Chaque cellule reproductrice contient\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">23 chromosomes.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #008000;\">Comment expliquer le nombre de chromosome pr\u00e9sent dans ces cellules?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/MDkd9Kyhf4M\" height=\"315\" width=\"420\" allowfullscreen=\"\" frameborder=\"0\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">bilan :Lors de la formation des cellules reproductrices\u00a0les chromosomes d\u2019une paire, g\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement\u00a0diff\u00e9rents, se r\u00e9partissent au hasard. Les\u00a0cellules reproductrices produites par un\u00a0individu sont donc g\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement diff\u00e9rentes.<\/span><\/strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>bilan : Les cellules de l&rsquo;organisme, \u00e0 l&rsquo;exception des<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong> cellules reproductrices, poss\u00e8dent la m\u00eame<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong> information g\u00e9n\u00e9tique que la cellule-\u0153uf dont<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong> elles proviennent par divisions successives.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong>3\/ r\u00f4le de la f\u00e9condation.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/fecondation.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-707\" alt=\"fecondation\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/fecondation.jpg\" width=\"266\" height=\"189\" \/><\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/schema-reprod.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-705\" alt=\"schema reprod\" src=\"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/12\/schema-reprod.jpg\" width=\"160\" height=\"112\" \/><\/a><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">Bilan : La f\u00e9condation, en associant pour \u00a0chaque paire\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">de chromosomes, un chromosome du p\u00e8re et\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">un de la m\u00e8re, r\u00e9tablit le nombre de\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">chromosomes de l\u2019esp\u00e8ce.<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> Chaque individu issu de la reproduction sexu\u00e9e\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">est g\u00e9n\u00e9tiquement unique.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\"><strong><span style=\"line-height: 13px;\">les exercices d&rsquo;application<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"TheTexte\">\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 Il est facile de dire que ces trois individus appartiennent \u00e0 la m\u00eame esp\u00e8ce, comme il est facile de les\u00a0reconna\u00eetre\u00a0entre eux. Qu&rsquo;est-ce qui fait que nous appartenons tous \u00e0 un m\u00eame groupe, tout en \u00e9tant des individus uniques ? Comment expliquer que nous sommes ce que nous sommes ? PARTIE I : UNICIT\u00c9 ET [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[57,56,55],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=184"}],"version-history":[{"count":41,"href":"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":780,"href":"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/184\/revisions\/780"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=184"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=184"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.logobio.fr\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=184"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}